Odyssey 1.1 · twenty-five English translations, 1614–2025

Translating polytropos

The fifth word of the poem is a compound no English word covers. It can mean much-turning — wily, of many devices — or much-turned, a man the sea drove this way and that. Every translator has to decide, in the first line, what kind of man the poem is about. This maps twenty-five of those decisions on three axes.

ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα, πολύτροπον, ὃς μάλα πολλὰ
πλάγχθη, ἐπεὶ Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον ἔπερσεν·

Ὅμηρος, Ὀδύσσεια α 1–2

ándra moi énnepe, Moûsa, polýtropon, hòs mála pollà
plánchthē, epeì Troíēs hieròn ptolíethron épersen

Homer, Odyssey 1.1–2
Axis 1 · vertical
Valence

Is the manyness cast as a virtue, a vice, or neither? Does the translator settle the ancient question of whether polytropos was praise at all?

−2 to +2 (blame → praise)
Axis 2 · horizontal
Multiplicity

How much of the poly- survives as actual plurality, rather than collapsing into one named quality?

0 to 3 (single quality → plurality)
Axis 3 · color
Locus

Does the rendering place the turning inside the head, or leave it open between the head and the route?

interior · interior/exterior

The map

Point at a mark for its opening lines · click to pin · arrow keys to step through
Interior — the turning is in the head Interior/exterior — head or route, left open
19 / 25
put the turning inside Odysseus's head. The other six leave it open between the head and the route. None puts it in the route alone.
0
translations are both plural and pejorative. The whole lower-right region is empty.
16 / 25
score positive on valence. Homer's most disputed epithet arrives in English as a compliment almost by default. Whether it was praise at all is settled silently, in the first line.
6
translations reach for “resourceful” — both Rieus, McCrorie, Powell, Green, and Merrill pairing it with versatile. Five land on the identical point. The word is the default modern solution, and it spends the plurality to buy the praise.
The full coding
TranslatorRendering of polytropon ValenceMultiplicityLocus